Le format SVG

Le SVG est un format d’images vectorielles basé sur le XML, créé par le W3C en 2001. Contrairement aux images matricielles (comme JPEG ou PNG) qui sont composées de pixels, les images SVG sont construites à partir de formes géométriques définies mathématiquement.

Commençons par comprendre les caractéristiques fondamentales du SVG :

Le concept de vectoriel signifie que l’image est définie par des équations mathématiques plutôt que par une grille de pixels. Imaginez que vous dessinez un cercle : au lieu de colorier des pixels un par un, vous définissez simplement un centre et un rayon. Cette approche mathématique permet au SVG d’être redimensionné sans perte de qualité, d’où le terme « Scalable » dans son nom.

Voici un exemple simple de code SVG pour dessiner un cercle :

<svg width="200" height="200">
  <circle cx="100" cy="100" r="50" fill="red"/>
</svg>

Dans cet exemple, chaque attribut a une signification précise :

• cx et cy définissent les coordonnées du centre du cercle
• r définit le rayon
• fill détermine la couleur de remplissage

Les SVG supportent plusieurs formes géométriques de base :

Les rectangles :

<rect x="10" y="10" width="100" height="50"/>

Les lignes :

<line x1="0" y1="0" x2="100" y2="100"/>

Les chemins complexes (paths) qui permettent de créer des formes sophistiquées :

<path d="M 10 10 L 90 90 Z"/>

Un avantage majeur du SVG est sa capacité à être stylisé via CSS et manipulé via JavaScript, ce qui le rend particulièrement adapté au web moderne. Par exemple, vous pouvez animer un élément SVG :

<svg width="200" height="200">
  <circle cx="100" cy="100" r="50" fill="blue">
    <animate attributeName="r" values="50;80;50" dur="2s" repeatCount="indefinite"/>
  </circle>
</svg>

Les cas d’utilisation courants du SVG incluent :

• Les logos et icônes qui doivent s’adapter à différentes tailles d’écran
• Les graphiques et visualisations de données
• Les animations web légères
• Les illustrations techniques nécessitant une grande précision

Pour illustrer concrètement, créons ensemble un exemple plus complexe :

Cette démonstration illustre plusieurs concepts clés du SVG :

Le système de coordonnées : Le SVG utilise un système où (0,0) est situé dans le coin supérieur gauche. Les valeurs de x augmentent vers la droite et les valeurs de y vers le bas.

La superposition des éléments : Les éléments SVG sont rendus dans l’ordre où ils apparaissent dans le code. Les derniers éléments sont dessinés par-dessus les précédents.

Les attributs de style : Nous pouvons contrôler l’apparence avec des attributs comme fill (couleur de remplissage), stroke (couleur de bordure), opacity (transparence), etc.

La composition : On peut combiner des formes simples pour créer des illustrations complexes. Dans notre exemple, nous avons utilisé un cercle, un rectangle et un triangle (polygon) pour créer une composition simple.

Pour conclure, le format SVG est particulièrement puissant pour :

• Créer des images qui s’adaptent parfaitement à toutes les tailles d’écran
• Réduire la taille des fichiers pour les graphiques simples
• Permettre l’animation et l’interactivité
• Maintenir une qualité optimale quel que soit le zoom

Les animations SVG peuvent être créées de deux manières principales : soit directement dans le SVG avec les éléments d’animation SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language), soit via CSS/JavaScript. Commençons par les animations natives SMIL car elles forment la base de la compréhension.

Voici un exemple concret qui va nous permettre d’explorer plusieurs types d’animations :

Dans cet exemple, j’ai intégré quatre types différents d’animations couramment utilisées. Analysons chacune d’entre elles :

• L’animation de taille (le cercle bleu) :
  Cette animation utilise l’élément <animate> pour modifier l’attribut « r » (rayon) du cercle. La syntaxe values= »20;30;20″ crée une animation fluide qui fait grandir puis rétrécir le cercle. C’est un excellent exemple d’animation d’attribut simple.
• L’animation de rotation (le carré vert) :
  Cette animation utilise <animateTransform> qui est spécialement conçu pour les transformations géométriques. Le type= »rotate » fait tourner le rectangle autour d’un point central défini. C’est plus complexe car elle implique une transformation matricielle sous-jacente.
• L’animation de couleur (l’étoile rouge) :
  Cette animation montre comment on peut animer les propriétés de style comme la couleur. L’interpolation des couleurs est gérée automatiquement par le navigateur, créant une transition fluide entre les différentes teintes.
• L’animation de tracé (la ligne violette ondulée) :
  Cette animation utilise stroke-dasharray pour créer un effet de dessin progressif. C’est une technique plus avancée qui joue sur les propriétés de contour pour créer une illusion de mouvement.

Les attributs communs à toutes ces animations sont :

• dur : la durée de l’animation
• repeatCount : le nombre de répétitions (indefinite pour une boucle infinie)
• values ou from/to : les valeurs de début et de fin de l’animation

Il existe également des moyens plus avancés d’animer les SVG, comme :

Les animations basées sur CSS :

@keyframes rotation {
    from { transform: rotate(0deg); }
    to { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}

.element-anime {
    animation: rotation 2s linear infinite;
}

Les animations JavaScript qui offrent un contrôle plus précis :

element.animate([
    { transform: 'scale(1)' },
    { transform: 'scale(1.5)' },
    { transform: 'scale(1)' }
], {
    duration: 2000,
    iterations: Infinity
});

L’avantage des animations SVG est leur légèreté et leur fluidité.
Comme elles sont vectorielles, elles restent nettes quel que soit le niveau de zoom ou la taille de l’écran. De plus, elles peuvent être contrôlées par JavaScript, ce qui permet de créer des interactions sophistiquées.

TUX en SVG :

Le code source de l’image SVG

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">
<svg width="500pt" height="600pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:cc="http://web.resource.org/cc/">
     
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